GERO 365 Introduction to Gerontology Aging and Cognitive Function Week 4 and Week 5 Yujun Liu, PhD 2/4/2020 Today’s Agenda 1 Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia Care 2 Aging and Intelligence 3 Aging and Creativity Announcement • Illinois Council on Family Relations 2020 Annual Conference • Friday, April 3, 2020 at NIU this year • https://il.ncfr.org/ • The deadline to submit proposals is February 21, 2020 and presenters will be notified by March 7th. Things to do before Thursday, February 13,2020 • Not meet in class on Tuesday, February 11, 2020 • Read pages 97 - 132 in Sasser and Moody • View the supplemental PPT • Take the learning assessment that covers week 3 (biology of aging) and pages 97 - 105 on creativity and intelligence. Due 2/6/2020 • Reaction to dementia live experience discussion Due 2/13/2020 • Work on "Profile of Purposeful Aging" writing assignment, due 2/13/2020 Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease and the Social Model of Care Outline • Introduction to dementia • Introduction to Alzheimer's disease • The Social model of care • My experience at Parc Provence 6 What is dementia? • Dementia • is an umbrella term • is a group of symptoms that may accompany certain diseases or conditions • results from brain-related diseases 7 Different Types of Dementia • Alzheimer’s Disease • Lewy Bodies Dementia • Vascular Dementia • Frontotemporal Dementia • Parkinson’s Disease • https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/whatis-dementia/types-of-dementia 8 Alzheimer’s Disease • Alzheimer’s Disease is the most common form of dementia. • People live an average of six to eight years with AD, but can live as many as 20 years. 9 Alzheimer’s Disease • https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures • Facts about AD • AD is the sixth leading cause of death. • Currently, over five million people in the U.S. have AD. • Risk increases with age • Every 65 seconds, someone in the U.S. develops AD. 10 Dementia Stages Allen Cognitive Levels • Allen Level 1: End Stage • Allen Level 2: Late Stage • Allen Level 3: Middle Stage • Allen Level 4: Early Stage • Allen Level 5: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) • Allen Level 6: Normal 11 Early Stage • Goal directed • Some older adults may recognize memory loss • ADLs with supervision • Social inappropriateness • Impaired learning ability 12 Middle Stage • Can still learn with longer time and repetition • More easily distracted • Not goal directed • Need more assistance with ADLs 13 Late/End Stage • Sensory stimulation is important • Hold bodies up against gravity, walk, feed self • Unable to use hands to manipulate objects • End Stage-total assistance with ADLs 14 Cognitive Losses •Short-term memory: •Ability to learn new things/working memory •Long-term memory: •Procedural memory •Problem Solving: •Understand the problem, make a plan of solution, carry out the plan •Sequencing Ability: •Ability to chain steps together 15 Cognitive Changes •Attention Span: •Early stage= 20 minutes •Middle stage= 5 minutes •Late stage= A few seconds •Visual attention span: •Early stage= Several feet •Middle= 14-18 inches •Late= 10-14 inches or less 16 Medical Model of Care •Medical model goals- managing safety, meeting basic needs, and giving physical care •Moving away from the medical model to social model. 17 Social Model of Care • Social model goals: • Positive well-being • Function to their highest potential • Relationships • Person centered care • Regular Staff • Activities • Attention to language 18 Care Process • Comprehensive assessment • Identify stages of dementia and “highest level of function” • Scale meaningful activities • “just right challenge” level • Use stage specific approaches • Encourage participation and use of remaining abilities 19 My experience at Parc Provence • Parc Provence is a skilled nursing, assisted living and memory care community Guess how old Sandy is 20 Parc Provence • http://www.parcprovence.com • Five Similar-structured households • Early stage: Sundial, Park View • Middle stage: Wind Chime, Lake View • Late/end stages: Rose Garden • Special Structure: Nursing station/ Circle 21 References • 2019 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures • Types of Dementia: http://www.alz.org/dementia/types-ofdementia.asp • Allen Cognitive Level: http://www.allencognitive-network.org/ 22 Questions 1. What is the difference between dementia and Alzheimer’s disease? 2. What are the key elements of the social model of care? 3. How old is Sandy? 23 Intelligence • What is intelligence? • Psychometric vs Cognitive Perspectives • Alternative Views on Intelligence Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. What is Intelligence? Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Intelligence • What is Intelligence? ▪ Goal directed adaptive behavior. ▪ Anything, smart, clever, creative. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Intelligence (cont'd) • Four approaches to intelligence: 1. Psychometric perspective: assessment of intelligence through standardized tests 2. Cognitive perspective: information processing speed and strategies. 3. Contextual perspective: everyday problemsolving and person-environment interactions 4. Neo-Piagetian perspective: development from formal, analytical thinking to wisdom Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Assessment of Intelligence • Intelligence quotient (IQ): comparison of mental age with chronological age • Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) assesses cognition in: 1. Verbal comprehension 2. Perceptual reasoning 3. Working memory 4. Processing speed Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Assessment of Intelligence (cont'd) • Performance on IQ tests ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Increases in young adulthood Stabilizes in middle age Declines in early 60s and beyond Individual difference and variations exist Ways of testing adults have changed that consider ageing, such as larger print ▪ Working memory and processing speeds decline with age ▪ Size of vocabulary does not decline with age Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence • Pragmatics-Crystalized • Mechanics-Fluid • Simultaneously functioning, yet somewhat independent Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence (cont'd) • Fluid intelligence: abstract reasoning, perceptual speed ▪ Functionally similar to working memory ▪ Cognitive mechanics similar: refers to biological process involved in thinking ▪ Fluid intelligence and cognitive mechanics decline with age ▪ Decline more noticeable after 70 Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence (cont'd) • Crystallized intelligence: vocabulary, mathematical skills, complex motor skills ▪ Similar to cognitive pragmatics: social and cultural ways of thinking ▪ Remain stable through most of adulthood ▪ Increases until middle age ▪ Plateaus until very late adulthood ▪ Slow decline in old-old age ▪ Crystallized intelligence influenced by: - Educational achievement - Type of occupation - Daily activities - Chronic diseases Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Alternative Theories of Intelligence • Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of intelligence • 3 elements: ▪ Analytical intelligence: abstract thinking, reasoning, cognitive processing skills ▪ Creative intelligence: experiential learning/adaptation through trial and error, ability to respond to tasks, challenges, new situations ▪ Practical intelligence: common sense, “street smarts” ▪ Most people excel in one or two elements Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 9.1 Sternberg’s Patterns of Giftedness Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Alternative Theories of Intelligence (cont'd) • Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences: isolated eight intelligences • Takes into account cultural and historical data and their link to evolution of cognitive areas Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Does Mindset Affect Intellect? • Is intelligence fixed or malleable? ▪ If it is fixed, what fixes it? ▪ If it is malleable, how is that possible? • Does belief, values and identity play a role in intelligence? The power of yet Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Creativity • What is creativity? • What are the personalogical characteristics of creative people? • Is creativity an ability or a process? Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. What is Creativity • Difficult concept to define and measure ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Define creativity? When does creative capacity begin? When does it end? Do you regularly engage in any activities that you consider creative? What are they? Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Your Brain on Improv • What areas of the brain ramp up during improv? • What areas of the brain shut down? • What is Limbs hypothesis about these changes in brain activity? Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Creativity • Characteristics of Creative individuals: ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Nonconforming Active in exploring own identity development Imagination Cognitive flexibility Curiosity Openness to new ideas Willingness to consult with others Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Creativity • In artists, productions of creative work ▪ Integration- a stage in which there is deep enjoyment of creative process. - 1000s of hours of practice - May not occur until middle adulthood ▪ They pass through stages: - Selection in young adulthood: creative talents are priority - Optimization in later young adulthood to middle adulthood: focus is productivity - Compensation in middle adulthood: adjust work to physical aging Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Creativity (cont'd) • In artists, productions of creative work ▪ Creativity in Late Adulthood: - Productivity (#) declines with age; however - Motivation increases as creative work becomes a primary passion of life - Complexity continues to grow - Swan song phenomenon: great/master works produced in last years of life Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Working through the “Darkside” • Creativity and mental health ▪ Pressure to create ▪ Social ideas about creative people ▪ Internalized stereotypes Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Lessons in Creativity • What 4 things does Julia Bernstein suggest we need to embrace to be creative? Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Benefits of Creativity • Individual Benefits of Creativity ▪ Provides sense of generativity ▪ Enhances self-esteem ▪ Reduces stress Adulthood and Aging Marion G. Mason Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THANK YOU! • Any questions? • Email me: • lyujun@niu.edu 51
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