A national profile might be useful for developing OSH: ( Policy - System - Implementation strategies). PHC 362: Workplace Health Promotion 1 Introduction When regarding the successful, powerful and own acceptable consequence Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) should take into account developing policy, system, and strategy by utilizing an important tool : The national profile . It is a key tool in the application of a systems management approach to OSH within its periodic updating, as a tool for measuring development over time. PHC 362: Workplace Health Promotion 2 The national profile in (OSH). The national profile which summarizes the national situation on (OSH), Identifies legislation, the infrastructure, and resources and the national situation with regard to occupational accidents and diseases. To reach a safe and healthy working environment for all workers, per country has to develop an efficient profile national (OSH) as a collaborative effort of the government and social partners. PHC 362: Workplace Health Promotion 3 PHC 362: Workplace Health Promotion 4 PHC 362: Workplace Health Promotion 5 PHC 362: Workplace Health Promotion 6 PHC 362: Workplace Health Promotion 7 PHC 362: Workplace Health Promotion 8 PHC 362: Workplace Health Promotion 9 Reference: Alli, B. O. (2008). Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health and Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office. ISBN 9221204545 (print edition). ISBN 9789221204541 (e-text). PHC 362: Workplace Health Promotion 10 Week 2 Occupational Hazards and Risks: The problems and the ILO response PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 1 An Unacceptable Situation Occupational accidents, injuries and diseases and major industrial disasters come at a great cost: ◦Human ◦Social ◦Economic These costs cause concern at all levels: ◦Individual ◦National ◦International Measures and strategies designed to prevent, control, reduce or eliminate occupational hazards and risks have been developed and applied continuously over the years to keep pace with technological and economic changes. Adapted from ‘An Unacceptable Situation’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 2 An Unacceptable Situation Despite continuous if slow improvement, 2 million occupational fatalities occur across the world every year. The highest proportions of these being caused by: • Work-related cancers • Circulatory and cerebrovascular diseases • Communicable diseases • Accidental occupational injuries Adapted from ‘An Unacceptable Situation’ in Alli (2008). ‘At-risk workers without appropriate safety equipment’ image by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 1941, licensed by Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons. PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 3 An Unacceptable Situation The overall annual rate of occupational accidents, fatal and non-fatal, is estimated at 270 million, and their cost in terms of human suffering and economic burden continues to be significant. 160 million workers suffer from work-related diseases. • About two-thirds of those are away from work for four working days or longer as a result. Overall occupational accident and disease rates are: • Slowly declining in most industrialized countries • Level or increasing in developing and industrializing countries Adapted from ‘An Unacceptable Situation’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 4 An Unacceptable Situation The human and economic costs of workplace injuries and deaths are colossal for: ◦Companies ,Enterprises ◦Nations ◦Global community Taking into account: ◦Compensation ◦Lost working time ◦Interruption of production ◦Training and retraining ◦Medical expenses ◦And other costs Estimates of these losses are routinely put at roughly 4 per cent of global (GNP :Gross National Product) every year, and possibly much more. Adapted from ‘An Unacceptable Situation’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 5 An Unacceptable Situation Occupational and industrial accidents are all caused by: • preventable factors • which could be eliminated • by implementing already known and available measures and methods This is demonstrated by continuously reduced accident rates in industrialized countries. The application of preventive strategies offers significant human and economic benefits. Adapted from ‘An Unacceptable Situation’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 6 Variations in Performance Countries The incidence of workplace fatalities varies enormously between countries. There appears to be a significant difference between developed and developing countries. Economic sectors • Worldwide, the highest rates of occupational deaths occur in agriculture, forestry, mining and construction; high rates of work-related diseases are found in meat packaging and mining Sizes of enterprise • Small workplaces (fewer than 50 employees) tend to have a worse safety record than large ones (more than 200 employees). Adapted from ‘Variations in Performance’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 7 Groups at Particular Risk Some groups are particularly at risk or their specific problems are overlooked. • The special position of women workers needs attention. The gender division of labour has an impact on women’s safety and health in the workplace, which goes well beyond reproductive hazards. • There are many home-based workers, in both developed an developing countries. In some counties they are covered by normal safety and health legislation, but in others they are not. • Part-time workers are another group who may suffer from not being covered by safety and health provisions. Adapted from ‘Groups at Particular Risk’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 8 Groups at Particular Risk • In 2000, economically active migrants were estimated to number some 81 million. For many, working conditions are abusive and exploitative. The safety and health risks associated with such conditions are compounded by the kinds of work that most migrants do, namely hazardous and risky jobs, particularly in agriculture and construction. • Workers in the informal economy are more likely than formal workers to be exposed to poor working environments, low safety and health standards, and environmental hazards, and to suffer poor health or injury. • Many children are still involved in hazardous work, although the numbers are falling. More boys than girls continue to work in dangerous jobs. Adapted from ‘Groups at Particular Risk’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 9 Groups at Particular Risk • The ageing of the world workforce raises many concerns, including: – standards in invalidity, old age and survivors’ insurance – occupational hazards and working conditions that hasten the ageing process and reduce their working capacity • The accident rate of contract workers is on average twice that of permanent workers. • Drivers are particularly at risk. International estimates suggest that between 15 and 20 per cent of fatalities caused by road accidents are suffered by people in the course of their work Adapted from ‘Groups at Particular Risk’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 10 Major OSH Instruments(tools) The means used by the ILO to promote occupational safety and health Include: • International labour standards • Codes of practice • Provision of technical advice • Dissemination of information By these means it aims to increase the capacity of member States to prevent occupational accidents and work-related diseases by improving working conditions. Adapted from ‘Major OSH Instruments’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 11 Major OSH Instruments A main function of the ILO is to develop international labour standards. • • • • These cover labour and social matters, and Take the form of Conventions and Recommendations. Conventions are like multilateral international treaties. Once ratified by member States, they create specific binding obligations. Together, ILO Conventions and Recommendations are an international labour code, the minimum standards in the social and labour field. The ILO Conventions and Recommendations on OSH: • • Embody principles which define the rights of workers in this field. Allocate duties and responsibilities to the competent authorities, to employers and to workers. Adapted from ‘Major OSH Instruments’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 12 Major OSH Instruments A government that has ratified a Convention is expected to: • Apply its provisions through legislation or other appropriate means, as indicated in the text of the Convention • Report regularly on the application of ratified Conventions The extent of compliance is subject to: • Examination and public comment by the ILO supervisory machinery • Complaints about alleged non-compliance may be made by the governments of other ratifying States or by employers’ or workers’ organizations. Procedures exist for investigating and acting upon such complaints . Adapted from ‘Major OSH Instruments’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 13 Major OSH Instruments Recommendations are intended to: • • Offer non-binding guidelines which may orient national policy and practice They often elaborate upon the provisions of Conventions on the same subject or upon a subject not yet covered by a Convention Although no substantive obligations are entailed, member States have certain important procedural obligations in respect of Recommendations: • • • To submit the texts to their legislative bodies To report on the resulting action To report occasionally at the request of the ILO Governing Body on measures taken or envisaged to give effect to the provisions. Adapted from ‘Major OSH Instruments’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 14 Major OSH instruments The ILO also develops codes of practice: • • These contain practical recommendations, sometimes highly technical and scientifically detailed, to be used as guidance on implementing the labour standards or on addressing a particular issue. ILO codes of practice, like labour standards, are developed in a tripartite context, but through a meeting of experts nominated by the Governing Body rather than the ILO’s constituents. ILO standards influence the laws and regulations of member States: • • New legislation or amendments are often prepared with ILO standards in mind. Governments consult the ILO about the compatibility of proposed legislative texts with international labour standards. Adapted from ‘Major OSH Instruments’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 15 Scope and Purpose of OSH Standards Conventions and Recommendations on occupational safety and health may serve several purposes, acting as: • fundamental principles to guide policies for promotion, action and management; • general protection measures, for example, guarding of machinery, medical examination of young workers or limiting the weight of loads to be transported by a single worker; • protection in specific branches of economic activity, such as mining, the building industry, commerce and dock work; Continued on next slide Adapted from ‘Major OSH Instruments’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 16 Scope and Purpose of OSH Standards Continued from previous slide • protection of specific professions (for example, nurses and seafarers) and categories of workers having particular occupational health needs (such as women or young workers); • protection against specific risks (ionizing radiation, benzene, asbestos); prevention of occupational cancer; control of air pollution, noise and vibration in the working environment; measures to ensure safety in the use of chemicals, including the prevention of major industrial accidents; • organizational measures and procedures relating, for example, to labour inspection or compensation for occupational injuries and diseases. Adapted from ‘Major OSH Instruments’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 17 Scope and Purpose of Standards How the core OSH standards relate to ILO standards on other issues Adapted from ‘Major OSH Instruments’ in Alli (2008). Labour inspection Fundamental standards Migrant workers Social dialogue CORE OSH STANDARDS Dock workers GENERAL STANDARDS (C187, C155, and C161) Freedom of association Industrial relations Vocational guidance and training SPECIFIC RISKS Physical hazards (C119, C127, C148, and C174) Social security BRANCHES Hazardous OF substances ACTIVITY and agents (C120, C167, (C115, C176, and C139, C148, C184) C162, and C170) Working time PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals Seafarers and fishermen Gender Protection of children and the young 18 Additional Information All information provided in this presentation was obtained from: Alli, B. O. (2008). Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health and Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office. ISBN 9221204545 (print edition). ISBN 9789221204541 (e-text). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 19 Week 3 Key Principles in Occupational Safety and Health PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 1 Introduction The key principles underpinning the field of occupational safety and health (OSH) – and the provisions of international labour standards – are all designed to ensure that work should take place in a safe and healthy environment. Adapted from ‘Core OSH Principles’ in Alli (2008) ‘Various workplace safety signs commonly used at construction sites and industrial work environments.’ Image by Compliance and Safety LLC, 2012, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 2 Introduction As an extensive multidisciplinary field, OSH routinely deals with issues related to areas such as : • Medicine – including • Ergonomics physiology and toxicology • Chemistry • Physics • Technology • Economics • Law • And other areas specific to various industries and activities. Despite this variety of concerns and interests, certain basic principles can be identified, including the following Adapted from ‘Core OSH Principles’ in Alli (2008) PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 3 Core OSH Principles • All workers have rights. • Occupational safety and health policies must be established. • A national system for occupational safety and health must be established. • A national programme on occupational safety and health must be formulated. • Social partners (that is, employers and workers) and other stakeholders must be consulted. Adapted from ‘Core OSH Principles’ in Alli (2008) PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 4 Core OSH Principles • Occupational safety and health programmes and policies must aim at both prevention and protection. • Continuous improvement of occupational safety and health must be promoted. • Information is vital for the development and implementation of effective programmes and policies. • Health promotion is a central element of occupational health practice. • Occupational health services covering all workers should be established. Adapted from ‘Core OSH Principles’ in Alli (2008) PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 5 Core OSH Principles • Compensation, rehabilitation and curative services must be made available to workers who suffer occupational injuries, accidents and work related diseases. • Education and training are vital components of safe, healthy working environments. • Workers, employers and competent authorities have certain responsibilities, duties and obligations. • Policies must be enforced. Adapted from ‘Core OSH Principles’ in Alli (2008) PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 6 Additional Thoughts on Core OSH Principles These key principles structure OSH programmes and policies, but the above list is not exhaustive. • More specialized areas have corresponding principles of their own. Moreover, ethical considerations regarding such matters as individuals’ rights to privacy must be taken into consideration when devising policies. ‘Peril in the office.’ Image by Jennifer Boyer, 1999, licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Flickr. Adapted from ‘Core OSH Principles’ in Alli (2008) PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 7 Rights and Duties The responsibilities of: • Governments, • Employers • Workers should be seen as complementary and mutually reinforcing in the common task of promoting occupational safety and health to the greatest extent possible within the constraints of national conditions and practice. ‘Safety Slogans’ from video by Hr Safeinfo, 2003. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed) via YouTube. Adapted from ‘Rights and Duties’ in Alli (2008) PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 8 Workers’ Rights The protection of life and health at work is a fundamental workers’ right. • Decent work implies safe work • Workers have a duty to take care of: • their own safety, as well as • the safety of anyone who might be affected by what they do or fail to do. PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 9 Workers’ Rights Workers also have the right to: • Adequate knowledge • Stop work in the case of imminent danger to safety or health • Be properly informed of hazards • Be adequately trained to carry out their tasks safely To make progress in occupational safety and health within enterprises, workers and their representatives have the responsibility to cooperate with employers. PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 10 Employers’ Responsibilities It is the responsibility of employers to ensure that the working environment is safe and healthy. • They must prevent, and protect workers from, occupational risks. • They are responsible for being knowledgeable about occupational hazards. • Must demonstrate their commitment to ensure that management processes promote safety and health at work. PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 11 Employers’ Responsibilities Training is one of the most important tasks to be carried out by employers. Workers need to know: • How to do their jobs • How to protect their lives and health and those of their coworkers while working. Within enterprises, managers and supervisors are responsible for ensuring that workers are adequately trained for the work that they are expected to undertake. PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 12 Employers’ Responsibilities Employers’ organizations should instigate training and information programmes on: • Prevention and control of hazards • Protection against risks Employers must be in a position to deal with accidents and emergencies, including providing first-aid facilities. ‘First Aid.’ Image by tFity, licensed under CC0 1.0 via Pixabay. Adapted from ‘Employers’ Responsibilities’ in Alli (2008) PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 13 Employers’ Responsibilities Adequate arrangements should also be made : • For compensation of and rehabilitation for work-related injuries and diseases • To facilitate a prompt return to work In short, the objective of preventive programmes should be to: • Provide a safe and healthy environment • That protects and promotes workers’ health and their working capacity PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 14 Governments’ Duties Governments are responsible for: • Drawing up occupational safety and health policies • Making sure that they are implemented Policies will be reflected in legislation, and legislation must be enforced. Legislation cannot cover all workplace risks, so is also advisable to address occupational safety and health issues by means of collective agreements reached between the social partners. PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 15 Governments’ Duties Policies are more likely to be supported and implemented if: • • Employers and workers, through their respective organizations, have had a hand in drawing them up. This is regardless of whether they are in the form of laws, regulations, codes or collective agreements. The competent authority should: • • • • Issue and periodically review regulations or codes of practice Instigate research to identify hazards and to find ways of overcoming them Provide information and advice to employers and workers Take specific measures to avoid catastrophes where potential risks are high PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 16 Governments’ Duties The OSH policy should include provisions for the establishment, operation and progressive extension of occupational health services. The competent authority should supervise and advise on the implementation of a workers’ health surveillance system: which should be linked with programmes to: • • Prevent accident and disease Protect and promote workers’ health at both enterprise and national levels The information provided by surveillance will show: • • Whether occupational safety and health standards are being implemented Where more needs to be done to safeguard workers PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 17 Governments’ Duties A concise statement that encapsulates the main purposes of occupational health is the definition provided by the joint ILO/WHO Committee. As the definition indicates, the main focus in occupational health is on three different objectives: • the maintenance and promotion of workers’ health and working capacity; • the improvement of work and working conditions so that they are conducive to safety and health; and Continued on next slide PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 18 Governments’ Duties Occupational health objectives, continued • the development of work organizations and preventive safety and health cultures in a direction that supports safety and health at work. Such development also promotes a positive social climate and enhances the smooth operation and possibly also the productivity of working enterprises. The term “culture” in this context means an environment reflecting the value systems adopted by the undertaking concerned. Such a culture is reflected in practice in the managerial systems, personnel policy, principles for participation, training policies and quality management of the undertaking. PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 19 Additional Information All information provided in this presentation was obtained from: Alli, B. O. (2008). Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health and Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office. ISBN 9221204545 (print edition). ISBN 9789221204541 (e-text). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 20 Week 4 Part 1 General Framework for Occupational Safety and Health PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 1 Limiting Elements Although effective legal and technical tools and measures to prevent occupational accidents and diseases exist, national efforts to tackle OSH problems are: • Often fragmented and, as a result, have less impact • Also hampered by the time lag between changes in the world of work or detection of new hazards and risks, and the development and implementation of appropriate responses Adapted from ‘General Framework for OSH’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 2 Proactive Responses Mechanisms and strategies must therefore be developed to keep occupational safety and health continuously at the forefront of national and enterprise priorities. This can be done by: • raising the general awareness of the importance of OSH in social and economic contexts, and • integrating it as a priority element in national and business plans. It is also important to engage all social partners and stakeholders in initiating and sustaining mechanisms for a continued improvement of national OSH systems. Adapted from ‘General Framework for OSH’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 3 Proactive Responses The application of principles to protect safety and health by prevention and control of hazards should become: • an integral part of working culture, • and of all social and economic processes. To be successful, the development of appropriate responses must: • make use of the collective body of knowledge, experience, and good practice in this area; and • ensure that this knowledge is kept up to date and disseminated efficiently though good information and education systems. Adapted from ‘General Framework for OSH’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 4 The Framework Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No. 187) and Recommendation (No.197) These instruments Integrate the two fundamental pillars of the ILO’s global strategy to improve safety and health in the world of work: • The building and maintenance of a national preventive safety and health culture, and • The application of a systems approach to the management of OSH at both national and enterprise levels. Adapted from ‘General Framework for OSH’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 5 The Framework The Convention provides for: • the development, establishment, and implementation of a number of tools for • the sound management of occupational safety and health, • in consultation with the most representative organizations of employers and workers, as well as other stakeholders engaged in the area of OSH. Adapted from ‘General Framework for OSH’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 6 The Tools These tools include: • a national OSH policy, as defined in the Occupational Safety and Health Convention (No. 155), 1981; • a national OSH system; and • a national OSH programme based on the elaboration and periodic updating of a national OSH profile. Adapted from ‘General Framework for OSH’ in Alli (2008). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 7 Additional Information All information provided in this presentation was obtained from: Alli, B. O. (2008). Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health and Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office. ISBN 9221204545 (print edition). ISBN 9789221204541 (e-text). PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals 8
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