Job Hazard Analysis OSHA 3071 2002 (Revised) Job Hazard Analysis U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA 3071 2002 (Revised) Contents Who needs to read this booklet? ...................................... 1 What is a hazard? ........................................................... 1 What is a job hazard analysis? .......................................... 1 Why is job hazard analysis important? .............................. 2 What is the value of a job hazard analysis? ........................ 2 What jobs are appropriate for a job hazard analysis? ......... 3 Where do I begin? ........................................................... 4 How do I identify workplace hazards? .............................. 6 How do I correct or prevent any hazards? ....................... 12 What else do I need to know before starting a job hazard analysis? ........................................ 12 Why should I review my job hazard analysis? .................. 13 When is it appropriate to hire a professional to conduct a job hazard analysis? .................................... 14 OSHA Assistance, Services, and Programs .................... 15 How can OSHA help me? .............................................. 15 How does safety and health program management assistance help employers and employees? ..................... 15 What are state plans? .................................................... 16 How can consultation assistance help employers? ............ 16 Who can get consultation assistance and what does it cost? ................................... 17 Can OSHA assure privacy to an employer who asks for consultation assistance? .............................. 17 i Can an employer be cited for violations after receiving consultation assistance? ............................ 18 Does OSHA provide any incentives for seeking consultation assistance? ..................................... 18 What are the Voluntary Protection Programs? ................. 18 How does VPP work? ................................................... 19 How does VPP help employers and employees? ............. 19 How does OSHA monitor VPP sites? ............................. 20 Can OSHA inspect an employer who is participating in the VPP? ..................................... 20 How can a partnership with OSHA improve worker safety and health? ................................. 21 What is OSHA’s Strategic Partnership Program (OSPP)? ........................................................ 21 What do OSPPs do? ..................................................... 21 What are the different kinds of OSPPs? ......................... 22 What are the benefits of participation in the OSPP? ........ 22 Does OSHA have occupational safety and health training for employers and employees? ................. 23 Does OSHA give money to organizations for training and education? ............................................. 24 Does OSHA have other assistance materials available? ....................................................... 25 What other publications does OSHA offer? ..................... 25 What do I do in case of an emergency or if I need to file a complaint? ....................................... 26 ii OSHA Regional and Area Office Directory ...................... 27 OSHA-Approved Safety and Health Plans ...................... 32 OSHA Consultation Projects .......................................... 36 Appendix 1 — Hazard Control Measures .............................................. 41 Appendix 2 — Common Hazards and Hazard Descriptions .................... 43 Appendix 3 — Sample Job Hazard Analysis Form .................................. 46 iii Who needs to read this booklet? This booklet is for employers, foremen, and supervisors, but we encourage employees to use the information as well to analyze their own jobs and recognize workplace hazards so they can report them to you. It explains what a job hazard analysis is and offers guidelines to help you conduct your own step-by-step analysis. What is a hazard? A hazard is the potential for harm. In practical terms, a hazard often is associated with a condition or activity that, if left uncontrolled, can result in an injury or illness. See Appendix 2 for a list of common hazards and descriptions. Identifying hazards and eliminating or controlling them as early as possible will help prevent injuries and illnesses. What is a job hazard analysis? A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they occur. It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment. Ideally, after you identify uncontrolled hazards, you will take steps to eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable risk level. 1 Why is job hazard analysis important? Many workers are injured and killed at the workplace every day in the United States. Safety and health can add value to your business, your job, and your life. You can help prevent workplace injuries and illnesses by looking at your workplace operations, establishing proper job procedures, and ensuring that all employees are trained properly. One of the best ways to determine and establish proper work procedures is to conduct a job hazard analysis. A job hazard analysis is one component of the larger commitment of a safety and health management system. (See page 15 for more information on safety and health management systems.) What is the value of a job hazard analysis? Supervisors can use the findings of a job hazard analysis to eliminate and prevent hazards in their workplaces. This is likely to result in fewer worker injuries and illnesses; safer, more effective work methods; reduced workers’ compensation costs; and increased worker productivity. The analysis also can be a valuable tool for training new employees in the steps required to perform their jobs safely. For a job hazard analysis to be effective, management must demonstrate its commitment to safety and health and follow through to correct any uncontrolled hazards identified. Otherwise, management will lose credibility and employees may hesitate to go to management when dangerous conditions threaten them. 2 What jobs are appropriate for a job hazard analysis? A job hazard analysis can be conducted on many jobs in your workplace. Priority should go to the following types of jobs: • Jobs with the highest injury or illness rates; • Jobs with the potential to cause severe or disabling injuries or illness, even if there is no history of previous accidents; • Jobs in which one simple human error could lead to a severe accident or injury; • Jobs that are new to your operation or have undergone changes in processes and procedures; and • Jobs complex enough to require written instructions. 3 Where do I begin? 1. Involve your employees. It is very important to involve your employees in the hazard analysis process. They have a unique understanding of the job, and this knowledge is invaluable for finding hazards. Involving employees will help minimize oversights, ensure a quality analysis, and get workers to “buy in” to the solutions because they will share ownership in their safety and health program. 2. Review your accident history. Review with your employees your worksite’s history of accidents and occupational illnesses that needed treatment, losses that required repair or replacement, and any “near misses” — events in which an accident or loss did not occur, but could have. These events are indicators that the existing hazard controls (if any) may not be adequate and deserve more scrutiny. 3. Conduct a preliminary job review. Discuss with your employees the hazards they know exist in their current work and surroundings. Brainstorm with them for ideas to eliminate or control those hazards. If any hazards exist that pose an immediate danger to an employee’s life or health, take immediate action to protect the worker. Any problems that can be corrected easily should be corrected as soon as possible. Do not wait to complete your job hazard analysis. This will demonstrate your commitment to safety and health and enable you to focus on the hazards and jobs that need more study because of their complexity. For those hazards determined to present unacceptable risks, evaluate types of hazard controls. More information about hazard controls is found in Appendix 1. 4 4. List, rank, and set priorities for hazardous jobs. List jobs with hazards that present unacceptable risks, based on those most likely to occur and with the most severe consequences. These jobs should be your first priority for analysis. 5. Outline the steps or tasks. Nearly every job can be broken down into job tasks or steps. When beginning a job hazard analysis, watch the employee perform the job and list each step as the worker takes it. Be sure to record enough information to describe each job action without getting overly detailed. Avoid making the breakdown of steps so detailed that it becomes unnecessarily long or so broad that it does not include basic steps. You may find it valuable to get input from other workers who have performed the same job. Later, review the job steps with the employee to make sure you have not omitted something. Point out that you are evaluating the job itself, not the employee’s job performance. Include the employee in all phases of the analysis— from reviewing the job steps and procedures to discussing uncontrolled hazards and recommended solutions. Sometimes, in conducting a job hazard analysis, it may be helpful to photograph or videotape the worker performing the job. These visual records can be handy references when doing a more detailed analysis of the work. 5 How do I identify workplace hazards? A job hazard analysis is an exercise in detective work. Your goal is to discover the following: • What can go wrong? • What are the consequences? • How could it arise? • What are other contributing factors? • How likely is it that the hazard will occur? To make your job hazard analysis useful, document the answers to these questions in a consistent manner. Describing a hazard in this way helps to ensure that your efforts to eliminate the hazard and implement hazard controls help target the most important contributors to the hazard. Good hazard scenarios describe: • Where it is happening (environment), • Who or what it is happening to (exposure), • What precipitates the hazard (trigger), • The outcome that would occur should it happen (consequence), and • Any other contributing factors. A sample form found in Appendix 3 helps you organize your information to provide these details. Rarely is a hazard a simple case of one singular cause resulting in one singular effect. More frequently, many 6 contributing factors tend to line up in a certain way to create the hazard. Here is an example of a hazard scenario: In the metal shop (environment), while clearing a snag (trigger), a worker’s hand (exposure) comes into contact with a rotating pulley. It pulls his hand into the machine and severs his fingers (consequences) quickly. To perform a job hazard analysis, you would ask: • What can go wrong? The worker’s hand could come into contact with a rotating object that “catches” it and pulls it into the machine. • What are the consequences? The worker could receive a severe injury and lose fingers and hands. • How could it happen? The accident could happen as a result of the worker trying to clear a snag during operations or as part of a maintenance activity while the pulley is operating. Obviously, this hazard scenario could not occur if the pulley is not rotating. • What are other contributing factors? This hazard occurs very quickly. It does not give the worker much opportunity to recover or prevent it once his hand comes into contact with the pulley. This is an important factor, because it helps you determine the severity and likelihood of an accident when selecting appropriate hazard controls. Unfortunately, experience has shown that training is not very effective in hazard control when triggering events happen quickly because humans can react only so quickly. 7 • How likely is it that the hazard will occur? This determination requires some judgment. If there have been “near-misses” or actual cases, then the likelihood of a recurrence would be considered high. If the pulley is exposed and easily accessible, that also is a consideration. In the example, the likelihood that the hazard will occur is high because there is no guard preventing contact, and the operation is performed while the machine is running. By following the steps in this example, you can organize your hazard analysis activities. The examples that follow show how a job hazard analysis can be used to identify the existing or potential hazards for each basic step involved in grinding iron castings. Grinding Iron Castings: Job Steps Step 1. Reach into metal box to right of machine, grasp casting, and carry to wheel. Step 2. Push casting against wheel to grind off burr. Step 3. Place finished casting in box to left of machine. 8 Example Job Hazard Analysis Form Job Location: Metal Shop Analyst: Joe Safety Date: Task Description: Worker reaches into metal box to the right of the machine, grasps a 15-pound casting and carries it to grinding wheel. Worker grinds 20 to 30 castings per hour. Hazard Description: Picking up a casting, the employee could drop it onto his foot. The casting’s weight and height could seriously injure the worker’s foot or toes. Hazard Controls: 1. Remove castings from the box and place them on a table next to the grinder. 2. Wear steel-toe shoes with arch protection. 3. Change protective gloves that allow a better grip. 4. Use a device to pick up castings. 9 Job Location: Metal Shop Analyst: Joe Safety Date: Task Description: Worker reaches into metal box to the right of the machine, grasps a 15-pound casting and carries it to grinding wheel. Worker grinds 20 to 30 castings per hour. Hazard Description: Castings have sharp burrs and edges that can cause severe lacerations. Hazard Controls: 1. Use a device such as a clamp to pick up castings. 2. Wear cut-resistant gloves that allow a good grip and fit tightly to minimize the chance that they will get caught in grinding wheel. 10 Job Location: Metal Shop Analyst: Joe Safety Date: Task Description: Worker reaches into metal box to the right of the machine, grasps a 15-pound casting and carries it to grinding wheel. Worker grinds 20 to 30 castings per hour. Hazard Description: Reaching, twisting, and lifting 15-pound castings from the floor could result in a muscle strain to the lower back. Hazard Controls: 1. Move castings from the ground and place them closer to the work zone to minimize lifting. Ideally, place them at waist height or on an adjustable platform or pallet. 2. Train workers not to twist while lifting and reconfigure work stations to minimize twisting during lifts. Repeat similar forms for each job step. 11 How do I correct or prevent hazards? After reviewing your list of hazards with the employee, consider what control methods will eliminate or reduce them. For more information on hazard control measures, see Appendix 1. The most effective controls are engineering controls that physically change a machine or work environment to prevent employee exposure to the hazard. The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can be circumvented, the better. If this is not feasible, administrative controls may be appropriate. This may involve changing how employees do their jobs. Discuss your recommendations with all employees who perform the job and consider their responses carefully. If you plan to introduce new or modified job procedures, be sure they understand what they are required to do and the reasons for the changes. What else do I need to know before starting a job hazard analysis? The job procedures discussed in this booklet are for illustration only and do not necessarily include all the steps, hazards, and protections that apply to your industry. When conducting your own job safety analysis, be sure to consult the Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards for your industry. Compliance with these standards is mandatory, and by incorporating their requirements in your job hazard analysis, you can be sure that your health and safety program meets federal standards. OSHA standards, regulations, and technical information are available online at www.osha.gov. 12 Twenty-four states and two territories operate their own OSHA-approved safety and health programs and may have standards that differ slightly from federal requirements. Employers in those states should check with the appropriate state agency for more information. A list of applicable states and territories and contact information is provided on page 32. Why should I review my job hazard analysis? Periodically reviewing your job hazard analysis ensures that it remains current and continues to help reduce workplace accidents and injuries. Even if the job has not changed, it is possible that during the review process you will identify hazards that were not identified in the initial analysis. It is particularly important to review your job hazard analysis if an illness or injury occurs on a specific job. Based on the circumstances, you may determine that you need to change the job procedure to prevent similar incidents in the future. If an employee’s failure to follow proper job procedures results in a “close call,” discuss the situation with all employees who perform the job and remind them of proper procedures. Any time you revise a job hazard analysis, it is important to train all employees affected by the changes in the new job methods, procedures, or protective measures adopted. 13 When is it appropriate to hire a professional to conduct a job hazard analysis? If your employees are involved in many different or complex processes, you need professional help conducting your job hazard analyses. Sources of help include your insurance company, the local fire department, and private consultants with safety and health expertise. In addition, OSHA offers assistance through its regional and area offices and consultation services. Contact numbers are listed at the back of this publication. Even when you receive outside help, it is important that you and your employees remain involved in the process of identifying and correcting hazards because you are on the worksite every day and most likely to encounter these hazards. New circumstances and a recombination of existing circumstances may cause old hazards to reappear and new hazards to appear. In addition, you and your employees must be ready and able to implement whatever hazard elimination or control measures a professional consultant recommends. 14 OSHA Assistance, Services, and Programs How can OSHA help me? OSHA can provide extensive help through a variety of programs, including assistance about safety and health programs, state plans, workplace consultations, Voluntary Protection Programs, strategic partnerships, training and education, and more. How does safety and health program management assistance help employers and employees? Effective management of worker safety and health protection is a decisive factor in reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses and their related costs. In fact, an effective safety and health program forms the basis of good worker protection and can save time and money —about $4 for every dollar spent — and increase productivity. To assist employers and employees in developing effective safety and health systems, OSHA published recommended Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines, (Federal Register 54(18):3908–3916, January 26, 1989). These voluntary guidelines can be applied to all worksites covered by OSHA. The guidelines identify four general elements that are critical to the development of a successful safety and health management program: • Management leadership and employee involvement; • Worksite analysis; • Hazard prevention and control; and • Safety and health training. 15 The guidelines recommend specific actions under each of these general elements to achieve an effective safety and health program. The Federal Register notice is available online at www.osha.gov. What are state plans? State plans are OSHA-approved job safety and health programs operated by individual states or territories instead of Federal OSHA. The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act) encourages states to develop and operate their own job safety and health plans and permits state enforcement of OSHA standards if the state has an approved plan. Once OSHA approves a state plan, it funds 50 percent of the program’s operating costs. State plans must provide standards and enforcement programs, as well as voluntary compliance activities, that are at least as effective as those of Federal OSHA. There are 26 state plans: 23 cover both private and public (state and local government) employment, and 3 (Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York) cover only the public sector. For more information on state plans, see the listing at the end of this publication, or visit OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov. How can consultation assistance help employers? In addition to helping employers identify and correct specific hazards, OSHA’s consultation service provides free, onsite assistance in developing and implementing effective workplace safety and health management systems that emphasize the prevention of worker injuries and illnesses. 16 Comprehensive consultation assistance provided by OSHA includes a hazard survey of the worksite and an appraisal of all aspects of the employer’s existing safety and health management system. In addition, the service offers assistance to employers in developing and implementing an effective safety and health management system. Employers also may receive training and education services, as well as limited assistance away from the worksite. Who can get consultation assistance and what does it cost? Consultation assistance is available to small employers (with fewer than 250 employees at a fixed site and no more than 500 corporatewide) who want help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful workplace. Funded largely by OSHA, the service is provided at no cost to the employer. Primarily developed for smaller employers with more hazardous operations, the consultation service is delivered by state governments employing professional safety and health consultants. No penalties are proposed or citations issued for hazards identified by the consultant. The employer’s only obligation is to correct all identified serious hazards within the agreed-upon correction time frame. Can OSHA assure privacy to an employer who asks for consultation assistance? OSHA provides consultation assistance to the employer with the assurance that his or her name and firm and any information about the workplace will not be routinely reported to OSHA enforcement staff. 17 Can an employer be cited for violations after receiving consultation assistance? If an employer fails to eliminate or control a serious hazard within the agreed-upon time frame, the Consultation Project Manager must refer the situation to the OSHA enforcement office for appropriate action. This is a rare occurrence, however, since employers request the service for the expressed purpose of identifying and fixing hazards in their workplaces. Does OSHA provide any incentives for seeking consultation assistance? Yes. Under the consultation program, certain exemplary employers may request participation in OSHA’s Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP). Eligibility for participation in SHARP includes, but is not limited to, receiving a full-service, comprehensive consultation visit, correcting all identified hazards, and developing an effective safety and health management system. Employers accepted into SHARP may receive an exemption from programmed inspections (not complaint or accident investigation inspections) for a period of 1 year initially, or 2 years upon renewal. For more information concerning consultation assistance, see the list of consultation offices beginning on page 36, contact your regional or area OSHA office, or visit OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov. What are the Voluntary Protection Programs? Voluntary Protection Programs (VPPs) represent one part of OSHA’s effort to extend worker protection beyond the minimum required by OSHA standards. VPP —along with onsite consultation services, full-service area offices, 18 and OSHA’s Strategic Partnership Program (OSPP) — represents a cooperative approach which, when coupled with an effective enforcement program, expands worker protection to help meet the goals of the OSH Act. How does VPP work? There are three levels of VPP recognition: Star, Merit, and Demonstration. All are designed to do the following: • Recognize employers who have successfully developed and implemented effective and comprehensive safety and health management systems; • Encourage these employers to continuously improve their safety and health management systems; • Motivate other employers to achieve excellent safety and health results in the same outstanding way; and • Establish a relationship between employers, employees, and OSHA that is based on cooperation. How does VPP help employers and employees? VPP participation can mean the following: • Reduced numbers of worker fatalities, injuries, and illnesses; • Lost-workday case rates generally 50 percent below industry averages; • Lower workers’ compensation and other injury- and illness-related costs; • Improved employee motivation to work safely, leading to a better quality of life at work; • Positive community recognition and interaction; 19 • Further improvement and revitalization of already-good safety and health programs; and a • Positive relationship with OSHA. How does OSHA monitor VPP sites? OSHA reviews an employer’s VPP application and conducts a VPP Onsite Evaluation to verify that the safety and health management systems described are operating effectively at the site. OSHA conducts Onsite Evaluations on a regular basis, annually for participants at the Demonstration level, every 18 months for Merit, and every 3 to 5 years for Star. Each February, all participants must send a copy of their most recent Annual Evaluation to their OSHA regional office. This evaluation must include the worksite’s record of injuries and illnesses for the past year. Can OSHA inspect an employer who is participating in the VPP? Sites participating in VPP are not scheduled for regular, programmed inspections. OSHA handles any employee complaints, serious accidents, or significant chemical releases that may occur at VPP sites according to routine enforcement procedures. Additional information on VPP is available from OSHA national, regional, and area offices, listed beginning on page 27. Also, see Outreach at OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov. 20 How can a partnership with OSHA improve worker safety and health? OSHA has learned firsthand that voluntary, cooperative partnerships with employers, employees, and unions can be a useful alternative to traditional enforcement and an effective way to reduce worker deaths, injuries, and illnesses. This is especially true when a partnership leads to the development and implementation of a comprehensive workplace safety and health management system. What is OSHA’s Strategic Partnership Program (OSPP)? OSHA Strategic Partnerships are alliances among labor, management, and government to foster improvements in workplace safety and health. These partnerships are voluntary, cooperative relationships between OSHA, employers, employee representatives, and others such as trade unions, trade and professional associations, universities, and other government agencies. OSPPs are the newest member of OSHA’s family of cooperative programs. What do OSPPs do? These partnerships encourage, assist, and recognize the efforts of the partners to eliminate serious workplace hazards and achieve a high level of worker safety and health. Whereas OSHA’s Consultation Program and VPP entail one-on-one relationships between OSHA and individual worksites, most strategic partnerships seek to have a broader impact by building cooperative relationships with groups of employers and employees. 21 What are the different kinds of OSPPs? There are two major types: • Comprehensive, which focuses on establishing comprehensive safety and health management systems at partnering worksites; and • Limited, which helps identify and eliminate hazards associated with worker deaths, injuries, and illnesses, or have goals other than establishing comprehensive worksite safety and health programs. OSHA is interested in creating new OSPPs at the national, regional, and local levels. OSHA also has found limited partnerships to be valuable. Limited partnerships might address the elimination or control of a specific industry hazard. What are the benefits of participation in the OSPP? Like VPP, OSPP can mean the following: • Fewer worker fatalities, injuries, and illnesses; • Lower workers’ compensation and other injury- and illness-related costs; • Improved employee motivation to work safely, leading to a better quality of life at work and enhanced productivity; 22 • Positive community recognition and interaction; • Development of or improvement in safety and health management systems; and • Positive interaction with OSHA. For more information about this program, contact your nearest OSHA office or go to the agency website at www.osha.gov. Does OSHA have occupational safety and health training for employers and employees? Yes. The OSHA Training Institute in Des Plaines, IL, provides basic and advanced training and education in safety and health for federal and state compliance officers, state consultants, other federal agency personnel, and privatesector employers, employees, and their representatives. Institute courses cover diverse safety and health topics including electrical hazards, machine guarding, personal protective equipment, ventilation, and ergonomics. The facility includes classrooms, laboratories, a library, and an audiovisual unit. The laboratories contain various demonstrations and equipment, such as power presses, woodworking and welding shops, a complete industrial ventilation unit, and a sound demonstration laboratory. More than 57 courses dealing with subjects such as safety and health in the construction industry and methods of compliance with OSHA standards are available for personnel in the private sector. In addition, OSHA’s 73 area offices are full-service centers offering a variety of informational services such as personnel for speaking engagements, publications, audiovisual aids on workplace hazards, and technical advice. 23 Does OSHA give money to organizations for training and education? OSHA awards grants through its Susan Harwood Training Grant Program to nonprofit organizations to provide safety and health training and education to employers and workers in the workplace. The grants focus on programs that will educate workers and employers in small business (fewer than 250 employees), train workers and employers about new OSHA standards or high-risk activities or hazards. Grants are awarded for 1 year and may be renewed for an additional 12 months depending on whether the grantee has performed satisfactorily. OSHA expects each organization awarded a grant to develop a training and/or education program that addresses a safety and health topic named by OSHA, recruit workers and employers for the training, and conduct the training. Grantees are also expected to follow-up with people who have been trained to find out what changes were made to reduce the hazards in their workplaces as a result of the training. Each year OSHA has a national competition that is announced in the Federal Register and on the Internet at www.osha-slc.gov/Training/sharwood/sharwood.html. If you do not have access to the Internet, you can contact the OSHA Office of Training and Education, 1555 Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL 60018, (847) 297–4810, for more information. 24 Does OSHA have other assistance materials available? Yes. OSHA has a variety of materials and tools available on its website at www.osha.gov. These include eTools, Expert Advisors, Electronic Compliance Assistance Tools (e-CATs), Technical Links, regulations, directives, publications, videos, and other information for employers and employees. OSHA’s software programs and compliance assistance tools walk you through challenging safety and health issues and common problems to find the best solutions for your workplace. OSHA’s comprehensive publications program includes more than 100 titles to help you understand OSHA requirements and programs. OSHA’s CD-ROM includes standards, interpretations, directives, and more and can be purchased on CD-ROM from the U.S. Government Printing Office. To order, write to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or phone (202) 512–1800. Specify OSHA Regulations, Documents and Technical Information on CD-ROM (ORDT), GPO Order No. S/N 729-013-00000-5. What other publications does OSHA offer? OSHA offers more than 100 documents, including brochures, fact sheets, posters, pocket cards, flyers, technical documents, and a quarterly magazine. These documents are available online at www.osha.gov or by calling (202) 693–1888. 25 What do I do in case of an emergency or if I need to file a complaint? To report an emergency, file a complaint, or seek OSHA advice, assistance, or products, call (800) 321–OSHA or contact your nearest OSHA regional or area office listed beginning on page 27. The teletypewriter (TTY) number is (877) 889–5627. You can also file a complaint online and obtain more information on OSHA federal and state programs by visiting OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov. For more information on grants, training, and education, write: OSHA Training Institute, Office of Training and Education, 1555 Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL 60018; call (847) 297–4810; or see Outreach on OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov. 26 OSHA Regional and Area Offices OSHA Regional Offices Region I Region VI (CT,* ME, MA, NH, RI, VT*) JFK Federal Building, Room E340 Boston, MA 02203 (617) 565–9860 (AR, LA, NM,* OK, TX) 525 Griffin Street, Room 602 Dallas, TX 75202 (214) 767–4731 or 4736 x224 Region II Region VII (NJ,* NY,* PR,* VI*) 201 Varick Street, Room 670 New York, NY 10014 (212) 337–2378 (IA,* KS, MO, NE) City Center Square 1100 Main Street, Suite 800 Kansas City, MO 64105 (816) 426–5861 Region III (DE, DC, MD,* PA,* VA,* WV) The Curtis Center 170 S. Independence Mall West Suite 740 West Philadelphia, PA 19106-3309 (215) 861–4900 Region IV (AL, FL, GA, KY,* MS, NC,* SC,* TN*) Atlanta Federal Center 61 Forsyth Street, SW, Room 6T50 Atlanta, GA 30303 (404) 562–2300 Region V (IL, IN,* MI,* MN,* OH, WI) 230 South Dearborn Street Room 3244 Chicago, IL 60604 (312) 353–2220 Region VIII (CO, MT, ND, SD, UT,* WY*) 1999 Broadway, Suite 1690 Denver, CO 80202-5716 (303) 844–1600 Region IX (American Samoa, AZ,* CA,* HI, NV,* Northern Mariana Islands) 71 Stevenson Street, Room 420 San Francisco, CA 94105 (415) 975–4310 Region X (AK,* ID, OR,* WA*) 1111 Third Avenue, Suite 715 Seattle, WA 98101-3212 (206) 553–5930 *These states and territories operate their own OSHA-approved job safety and health programs (Connecticut, New Jersey and New York plans cover public employees only). States with approved programs must have a standard that is identical to, or at least as effective as, the federal standard. 27 OSHA Area Offices 28 Birmingham, AL (205) 731–1534 Jacksonville, FL (904) 232–2895 Mobile, AL (251) 441–6131 Tampa, FL (813) 626–1177 Anchorage, AK (907) 271–5152 Savannah, GA (912) 652–4393 Little Rock, AR (501) 324–6291(5818) Smyrna, GA (770) 984–8700 Phoenix, AZ (602) 640–2348 Tucker, GA (770) 493–6644/6742/8419 San Diego, CA (619) 557–5909 Des Moines, IA (515) 284–4794 Sacramento, CA (916) 566–7471 Boise, ID (208) 321–2960 Denver, CO (303) 844–5285 Calumet City, IL (708) 891–3800 Greenwood Village, CO (303) 843–4500 Des Plaines, IL (847) 803–4800 Bridgeport, CT (203) 579–5581 Fairview Heights, IL (618) 632–8612 Hartford, CT (860) 240–3152 North Aurora, IL (630) 896–8700 Wilmington, DE (302) 573–6518 Peoria, IL (309) 671–7033 Fort Lauderdale, FL (954) 424–0242 Indianapolis, IN (317) 226–7290 Wichita, KS (316) 269–6644 Jackson, MS (601) 965–4606 Frankfort, KY (502) 227–7024 Billings, MT (406) 247–7494 Baton Rouge, LA (225) 389–0474 (0431) Raleigh, NC (919) 856–4770 Braintree, MA (617) 565–6924 Omaha, NE (402) 221–3182 Methuen, MA (617) 565–8110 Bismark, ND (701) 250–4521 Springfield, MA (413) 785–0123 Concord, NH (603) 225–1629 Linthicum, MD (410) 865–2055/2056 Avenel, NJ (732) 750–3270 Bangor, ME (207) 941–8177 Hasbrouck Heights, NJ (201) 288–1700 Portland, ME (207) 780–3178 Marlton, NJ (856) 757–5181 August, ME (207) 622–8417 Parsippany, NJ (973) 263–1003 Lansing, MI (517) 327–0904 Carson City, NV (775) 885–6963 Minneapolis, MN (612) 664–5460 Albany, NY (518) 464–4338 Kansas City, MO (816) 483–9531 Bayside, NY (718) 279–9060 St. Louis, MO (314) 425–4249 Bowmansville, NY (716) 684–3891 29 30 New York, NY (212) 337–2636 Pittsburgh, PA (412) 395–4903 North Syracuse, NY (315) 451–0808 Wilkes–Barre, PA (570) 826–6538 Tarrytown, NY (914) 524–7510 Guaynabo, PR (787) 277–1560 Westbury, NY (516) 334–3344 Providence, RI (401) 528–4669 Cincinnati, OH (513) 841–4132 Columbia, SC (803) 765–5904 Cleveland, OH (216) 522–3818 Nashville, TN (615) 781–5423 Columbus, OH (614) 469–5582 Austin, TX (512) 916–5783 (5788) Toledo, OH (419) 259–7542 Corpus Christi, TX (361) 888–3420 Oklahoma City, OK (405) 278–9560 Dallas, TX (214) 320–2400 (2558) Portland, OR (503) 326–2251 El Paso, TX (915) 534–6251 Allentown, PA (610) 776–0592 Fort Worth, TX (817) 428–2470 (485–7647) Erie, PA (814) 833–5758 Houston, TX (281) 591–2438 (2787) Harrisburg, PA (717) 782–3902 Houston, TX (281) 286–0583/0584 (5922) Philadelphia, PA (215) 597–4955 Lubbock, TX (806) 472–7681 (7685) Salt Lake City, UT (801) 530–6901 Eau Claire, WI (715) 832–9019 Norfolk, VA (757) 441–3820 Madison, WI (608) 264–5388 Bellevue, WA (206) 553–7520 Milwaukee, WI (414) 297–3315 Appleton, WI (920) 734–4521 Charleston, WV (304) 347–5937 31 OSHA-Approved Safety and Health Plans Alaska Connecticut Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development Connecticut Department of Labor Commissioner (907) 465–2700 FAX: (907) 465–2784 Commissioner (860) 566–5123 FAX: (860) 566–1520 Program Director (907) 269–4904 FAX: (907) 269–4915 Conn-OSHA Director (860) 566–4550 FAX: (860) 566–6916 Arizona Hawaii Industrial Commission of Arizona Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations Director, ICA (602) 542–4411 FAX: (602) 542–1614 Director (808) 586–8844 FAX: (808) 586–9099 Program Director (602) 542–5795 FAX: (602) 542–1614 Administrator (808) 586–9116 FAX: (808) 586–9104 California Indiana California Department of Industrial Relations Indiana Department of Labor Director (415) 703–5050 FAX: (415) 703–5114 Chief (415) 703–5100 FAX: (415) 703–5114 Manager, Cal/OSHA Program Office (415) 703–5177 FAX: (415) 703–5114 32 Commissioner (317) 232–2378 FAX: (317) 233–3790 Deputy Commissioner (317) 232–3325 FAX: (317) 233–3790 Iowa Minnesota Iowa Division of Labor Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry Commissioner (515) 281–6432 FAX: (515) 281–4698 Administrator (515) 281–3469 FAX: (515) 281–7995 Kentucky Kentucky Labor Cabinet Secretary (502) 564–3070 FAX: (502) 564–5387 Federal\State Coordinator (502) 564–3070 ext.240 FAX: (502) 564–1682 Maryland Maryland Division of Labor and Industry Commissioner (410) 767–2999 FAX: (410) 767–2300 Deputy Commissioner (410) 767–2992 FAX: (410) 767–2003 Commissioner (651) 296–2342 FAX: (651) 282–5405 Assistant Commissioner (651) 296–6529 FAX: (651) 282–5293 Administrative Director, OSHA Management Team (651) 282–5772 FAX: (651) 297–2527 Nevada Nevada Division of Industrial Relations Administrator (775) 687–3032 FAX: (775) 687–6305 Chief Administrative Officer (702) 486–9044 FAX: (702) 990–0358 [Las Vegas (702) 687–5240] New Jersey Assistant Commissioner, MOSH (410) 767–2215 FAX: (410) 767–2003 New Jersey Department of Labor Michigan Michigan Department of Consumer and Industry Services Assistant Commissioner (609) 292–2313 FAX: (609) 292–1314 Director (517) 322–1814 FAX: (517) 322–1775 Program Director, PEOSH (609) 292–3923 FAX: (609) 292–4409 Commissioner (609) 292–2975 FAX: (609) 633–9271 33 New Mexico New Mexico Environment Department Secretary (505) 827–2850 FAX: (505) 827–2836 Chief (505) 827–4230 FAX: (505) 827–4422 New York New York Department of Labor Acting Commissioner (518) 457–2741 FAX: (518) 457–6908 Division Director (518) 457–3518 FAX: (518) 457–6908 North Carolina North Carolina Department of Labor Commissioner (919) 807–2900 FAX: (919) 807–2855 Deputy Commissioner, OSH Director (919) 807–2861 FAX: (919) 807–2855 OSH Assistant Director (919) 807–2863 FAX: (919) 807–2856 Oregon Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Division 34 Administrator (503) 378–3272 FAX: (503) 947–7461 Deputy Administrator for Policy (503) 378–3272 FAX: (503) 947–7461 Deputy Administrator for Operations (503) 378–3272 FAX: (503) 947–7461 Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Department of Labor and Human Resources Secretary (787) 754–2119 FAX: (787) 753–9550 Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health (787) 756–1100, 1106 / 754–2171 FAX: (787) 767–6051 Deputy Director for Occupational Safety and Health (787) 756–1100/1106, 754–2188 FAX: (787) 767–6051 South Carolina South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing, and Regulation Director (803) 896–4300 FAX: (803) 896–4393 Program Director (803) 734–9644 FAX: (803) 734–9772 Tennessee Virginia Tennessee Department of Labor Virginia Department of Labor and Industry Commissioner (615) 741–2582 FAX: (615) 741–5078 Acting Program Director (615) 741–2793 FAX: (615) 741–3325 Commissioner (804) 786–2377 FAX: (804) 371–6524 Director, Office of Legal Support (804) 786–9873 FAX: (804) 786–8418 Utah Utah Labor Commission Washington Commissioner (801) 530–6901 FAX: (801) 530–7906 Washington Department of Labor and Industries Administrator (801) 530–6898 FAX: (801) 530–6390 Vermont Vermont Department of Labor and Industry Commissioner (802) 828–2288 FAX: (802) 828–2748 Project Manager (802) 828–2765 FAX: (802) 828–2195 Virgin Islands Virgin Islands Department of Labor Director (360) 902–4200 FAX: (360) 902–4202 Assistant Director (360) 902–5495 FAX: (360) 902–5529 Program Manager, Federal–State Operations (360) 902–5430 FAX: (360) 902–5529 Wyoming Wyoming Department of Employment Safety Administrator (307) 777–7786 FAX: (307) 777–3646 Acting Commissioner (340) 773–1990 FAX: (340) 773–1858 Program Director (340) 772–1315 FAX: (340) 772–4323 35 OSHA Consultation Projects 36 Anchorage, AK (907) 269–4957 Boise, ID (208) 426–3283 Tuscaloosa, AL (205) 348–3033 Chicago, IL (312) 814–2337 Little Rock, AR (501) 682–4522 Indianapolis, IN (317) 232–2688 Phoenix, AZ (602) 542–1695 Topeka, KS (785) 296–2251 Sacramento, CA (916) 263–2856 Frankfort, KY (502) 564–6895 Fort Collins, CO (970) 491–6151 Baton Rouge, LA (225) 342–9601 Wethersfield, CT (860) 566–4550 West Newton, MA (617) 727–3982 Washington, DC (202) 541–3727 Laurel, MD (410) 880–4970 Wilmington, DE (302) 761–8219 Augusta, ME (207) 624–6400 Tampa, FL (813) 974–9962 Lansing, MI (517) 322–1809 Atlanta, GA (404) 894–2643 Saint Paul, MN (651) 284–5060 Tiyam, GU 9–1–(671) 475–1101 Jefferson City, MO (573) 751–3403 Honolulu, HI (808) 586–9100 Pearl, MS (601) 939–2047 Des Moines, IA (515) 281–7629 Helena, MT (406) 444–6418 Raleigh, NC (919) 807–2905 Columbia, SC (803) 734–9614 Bismarck, ND (701) 328–5188 Brookings, SD (605) 688–4101 Lincoln, NE (402) 471–4717 Nashville, TN (615) 741–7036 Concord, NH (603) 271–2024 Austin, TX (512) 804–4640 Trenton, NJ (609) 292–3923 Salt Lake City, UT (801) 530–6901 Santa Fe, NM (505) 827–4230 Montpelier, VT (802) 828–2765 Albany, NY (518) 457–2238 Richmond, VA (804) 786–6359 Henderson, NV (702) 486–9140 Christiansted St. Croix, VI (809) 772–1315 Columbus, OH (614) 644–2631 Olympia, WA (360) 902–5638 Oklahoma City, OK (405) 528–1500 Madison, WI (608) 266–9383 Salem, OR (503) 378–3272 Waukesha, WI (262) 523–3044 Indiana, PA (724) 357–2396 Charleston, WV (304) 558–7890 Hato Rey, PR (787) 754–2171 Cheyenne, WY (307) 777–7786 Providence, RI (401) 222–2438 37 Appendices 39 Appendix 1 Hazard Control Measures Information obtained from a job hazard analysis is useless unless hazard control measures recommended in the analysis are incorporated into the tasks. Managers should recognize that not all hazard controls are equal. Some are more effective than others at reducing the risk. The order of precedence and effectiveness of hazard control is the following: 1. Engineering controls. 2. Administrative controls. 3. Personal protective equipment. Engineering controls include the following: • Elimination/minimization of the hazard — Designing the facility, equipment, or process to remove the hazard, or substituting processes, equipment, materials, or other factors to lessen the hazard; • Enclosure of the hazard using enclosed cabs, enclosures for noisy equipment, or other means; • Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards, blast shields, welding curtains, or other means; and • Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local and exhaust ventilation. 41 Administrative controls include the following: • Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe work practices; • Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to control temperature extremes and ergonomic hazards); • Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials; • Alarms, signs, and warnings; • Buddy system; and • Training. Personal Protective Equipment — such as respirators, hearing protection, protective clothing, safety glasses, and hardhats— is acceptable as a control method in the following circumstances: • When engineering controls are not feasible or do not totally eliminate the hazard; • While engineering controls are being developed; • When safe work practices do not provide sufficient additional protection; and • During emergencies when engineering controls may not be feasible. Use of one hazard control method over another higher in the control precedence may be appropriate for providing interim protection until the hazard is abated permanently. In reality, if the hazard cannot be eliminated entirely, the adopted control measures will likely be a combination of all three items instituted simultaneously. 42 Appendix 2 Common Hazards and Descriptions Hazards Hazard Descriptions Chemical (Toxic) A chemical that exposes a person by absorption through the skin, inhalation, or through the blood stream that causes illness, disease, or death. The amount of chemical exposure is critical in determining hazardous effects. Check Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), and/or OSHA 1910.1000 for chemical hazard information. Chemical (Flammable) A chemical that, when exposed to a heat ignition source, results in combustion. Typically, the lower a chemical’s flash point and boiling point, the more flammable the chemical. Check MSDS for flammability information. Chemical (Corrosive) A chemical that, when it comes into contact with skin, metal, or other materials, damages the materials. Acids and bases are examples of corrosives. Explosion (Chemical Reaction) Self explanatory. Explosion (Over Pressurization) Sudden and violent release of a large amount of gas /energy due to a significant pressure difference such as rupture in a boiler or compressed gas cylinder. Electrical (Shock/ Short Circuit) Contact with exposed conductors or a device that is incorrectly or inadvertently grounded, such as when a metal ladder comes into contact with power lines. 60Hz alternating current (common house current) is very dangerous because it can stop the heart. 43 Hazards Hazard Descriptions Electrical (Fire) Use of electrical power that results in electrical overheating or arcing to the point of combustion or ignition of flammables, or electrical component damage. Electrical (Static/ESD) The moving or rubbing of wool, nylon, other synthetic fibers, and even flowing liquids can generate static electricity. This creates an excess or deficiency of electrons on the surface of material that discharges (spark) to the ground resulting in the ignition of flammables or damage to electronics or the body’s nervous system. Electrical Safety-critical equipment failure as a result of (Loss of Power) loss of power. 44 Ergonomics (Strain) Damage of tissue due to overexertion (strains and sprains) or repetitive motion. Ergonomics (Human Error) A system design, procedure, or equipment that is error-provocative. (A switch goes up to turn something off). Excavation (Collapse) Soil collapse in a trench or excavation as a result of improper or inadequate shoring. Soil type is critical in determining the hazard likelihood. Fall (Slip, Trip) Conditions that result in falls (impacts) from height or traditional walking surfaces (such as slippery floors, poor housekeeping, uneven walking surfaces, exposed ledges, etc.) Fire/Heat Temperatures that can cause burns to the skin or damage to other organs. Fires require a heat source, fuel, and oxygen. Mechanical/ Vibration (Chaffing/ Fatigue) Vibration that can cause damage to nerve endings, or material fatigue that results in a safety-critical failure. (Examples are abraded slings and ropes, weakened hoses and belts.) Hazards Hazard Descriptions Mechanical Failure Self explanatory; typically occurs when devices exceed designed capacity or are inadequately maintained. Mechanical Skin, muscle, or body part exposed to crushing, caught-between, cutting, tearing, shearing items or equipment. Noise Noise levels (>85 dBA 8 hr TWA) that result in hearing damage or inability to communicate safety-critical information. Radiation (Ionizing) Alpha, Beta, Gamma, neutral particles, and X-rays that cause injury (tissue damage) by ionization of cellular components. Radiation (Non-Ionizing) Ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, and microwaves that cause injury to tissue by thermal or photochemical means. Struck By (Mass Acceleration) Accelerated mass that strikes the body causing injury or death. (Examples are falling objects and projectiles.) Struck Against Injury to a body part as a result of coming into contact of a surface in which action was initiated by the person. (An example is when a screwdriver slips.) Temperature Extreme (Heat/Cold) Temperatures that result in heat stress, exhaustion, or metabolic slow down such as hypothermia. Visibility Lack of lighting or obstructed vision that results in an error or other hazard. Weather Phenomena (Snow/Rain/ Wind/Ice) Self explanatory. 45 Appendix 3 Sample Job Hazard Analysis Form Job Title: Job Location: Task # Task Description: Hazard Type: Hazard Description: Consequence: Hazard Controls: Rational or Comment: 46 Analyst Date 2/21/2020 1910.132 - General requirements. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration By Standard Number / 1910.132 - General requirements. Part Number: Part Number Title: Subpart: Subpart Title: Standard Number: Title: GPO Source: 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards 1910 Subpart I Personal Protective Equipment 1910.132 General requirements. e-CFR 1910.132(a) Application. Protective equipment, including personal protective equipment for eyes, face, head, and extremities, protective clothing, respiratory devices, and protective shields and barriers, shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact. 1910.132(b) Employee-owned equipment. Where employees provide their own protective equipment, the employer shall be responsible to assure its adequacy, including proper maintenance, and sanitation of such equipment. 1910.132(c) Design. All personal protective equipment shall be of safe design and construction for the work to be performed. 1910.132(d) Hazard assessment and equipment selection. 1910.132(d)(1) The employer shall assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). If such hazards are present, or likely to be present, the employer shall: 1910.132(d)(1)(i) Select, and have each affected employee use, the types of PPE that will protect the affected employee from the hazards identified in the hazard assessment; 1910.132(d)(1)(ii) Communicate selection decisions to each affected employee; and, 1910.132(d)(1)(iii) Select PPE that properly fits each affected employee. Note: Non-mandatory appendix B contains an example of procedures that would comply with the requirement for a hazard assessment. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132 1/5 2/21/2020 1910.132 - General requirements. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1910.132(d)(2) The employer shall verify that the required workplace hazard assessment has been performed through a written certification that identifies the workplace evaluated; the person certifying that the evaluation has been performed; the date(s) of the hazard assessment; and, which identifies the document as a certification of hazard assessment. 1910.132(e) Defective and damaged equipment. Defective or damaged personal protective equipment shall not be used. 1910.132(f) Training. 1910.132(f)(1) The employer shall provide training to each employee who is required by this section to use PPE. Each such employee shall be trained to know at least the following: 1910.132(f)(1)(i) When PPE is necessary; 1910.132(f)(1)(ii) What PPE is necessary; 1910.132(f)(1)(iii) How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE; 1910.132(f)(1)(iv) The limitations of the PPE; and, 1910.132(f)(1)(v) The proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of the PPE. 1910.132(f)(2) Each affected employee shall demonstrate an understanding of the training specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section, and the ability to use PPE properly, before being allowed to perform work requiring the use of PPE. 1910.132(f)(3) When the employer has reason to believe that any affected employee who has already been trained does not have the understanding and skill required by paragraph (f)(2) of this section, the employer shall retrain each such employee. Circumstances where retraining is required include, but are not limited to, situations where: 1910.132(f)(3)(i) Changes in the workplace render previous training obsolete; or 1910.132(f)(3)(ii) Changes in the types of PPE to be used render previous training obsolete; or 1910.132(f)(3)(iii) Inadequacies in an affected employee's knowledge or use of assigned PPE indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132 2/5 2/21/2020 1910.132 - General requirements. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1910.132(g) Paragraphs (d) and (f) of this section apply only to §§ 1910.133, 1910.135, 1910.136, 1910.138, and 1910.140. Paragraphs (d) and (f) of this section do not apply to §§ 1910.134 and 1910.137. 1910.132(h) Payment for protective equipment. 1910.132(h)(1) Except as provided by paragraphs (h)(2) through (h)(6) of this section, the protective equipment, including personal protective equipment (PPE), used to comply with this part, shall be provided by the employer at no cost to employees. 1910.132(h)(2) The employer is not required to pay for non-specialty safety-toe protective footwear (including steel-toe shoes or steel-toe boots) and non-specialty prescription safety eyewear, provided that the employer permits such items to be worn off the job-site. 1910.132(h)(3) When the employer provides metatarsal guards and allows the employee, at his or her request, to use shoes or boots with built-in metatarsal protection, the employer is not required to reimburse the employee for the shoes or boots. 1910.132(h)(4) The employer is not required to pay for: 1910.132(h)(4)(i) The logging boots required by 29 CFR 1910.266(d)(1)(v); 1910.132(h)(4)(ii) Everyday clothing, such as long-sleeve shirts, long pants, street shoes, and normal work boots; or 1910.132(h)(4)(iii) Ordinary clothing, skin creams, or other items, used solely for protection from weather, such as winter coats, jackets, gloves, parkas, rubber boots, hats, raincoats, ordinary sunglasses, and sunscreen. 1910.132(h)(5) The employer must pay for replacement PPE, except when the employee has lost or intentionally damaged the PPE. 1910.132(h)(6) Where an employee provides adequate protective equipment he or she owns pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section, the employer may allow the employee to use it and is not required to reimburse the employee for that equipment. The employer shall not require an employee to provide or pay for his or her own PPE, unless the PPE is excepted by paragraphs (h)(2) through (h)(5) of this section. 1910.132(h)(7) This paragraph (h) shall become effective on February 13, 2008. Employers must implement the PPE payment requirements no later than May 15, 2008. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132 3/5 2/21/2020 1910.132 - General requirements. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration Note to §1910.132(h): When the provisions of another OSHA standard specify whether or not the employer must pay for specific equipment, the payment provisions of that standard shall prevail. [39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 59 FR 16334, April 6, 1994; 59 FR 33910, July 1, 1994; 59 FR 34580, July 6, 1994; 72 FR 64428, Nov. 15, 2007; 76 FR 33606, June 8, 2011; 81 FR 82999, Nov. 18, 2016] UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Occupational Safety & Health Administration 200 Constitution Ave NW Washington, DC 20210  800-321-6742 (OSHA) TTY www.OSHA.gov FEDERAL GOVERNMENT White House Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance Diaster Recovery Assistance DisasterAssistance.gov USA.gov No Fear Act Data U.S. Office of Special Counsel OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH Frequently Asked Questions A - Z Index Freedom of Information Act - OSHA Read The OSHA Newsletter Subscribe to the OSHA Newsletter OSHA Publications Office of Inspector General https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132 4/5 2/21/2020 1910.132 - General requirements. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration ABOUT THIS SITE Freedom of Information Act - DOL Privacy & Security Statement Disclaimers Important Web Site Notices Plug-ins Used by DOL Accessibility Statement https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132 5/5 2/21/2020 1910 Subpart I App B - Nonmandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection | O… By Standard Number / 1910 Subpart I App B - Nonmandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection Part Number: Part Number Title: Subpart: Subpart Title: Standard Number: Title: GPO Source: 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards 1910 Subpart I Personal Protective Equipment 1910 Subpart I App B Nonmandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection e-CFR This Appendix is intended to provide compliance assistance for employers and employees in implementing requirements for a hazard assessment and the selection of personal protective equipment. 1. Controlling hazards. PPE devices alone should not be relied on to provide protection against hazards, but should be used in conjunction with guards, engineering controls, and sound manufacturing practices. 2. Assessment and selection. It is necessary to consider certain general guidelines for assessing the foot, head, eye and face, and hand hazard situations that exist in an occupational or educational operation or process, and to match the protective devices to the particular hazard. It should be the responsibility of the safety officer to exercise common sense and appropriate expertise to accomplish these tasks. 3. Assessment guidelines. In order to assess the need for PPE the following steps should be taken: a. Survey. Conduct a walk-through survey of the areas in question. The purpose of the survey is to identify sources of hazards to workers and co-workers. Consideration should be given to the basic hazard categories: (a) Impact (b) Penetration (c) Compression (roll-over) (d) Chemical (e) Heat (f) Harmful dust (g) Light (optical) radiation b. Sources. During the walk-through survey the safety officer should observe: (a) sources of motion; i.e., machinery or processes where any movement of tools, machine elements or particles could exist, or movement of personnel that could result in collision with stationary objects; (b) sources of high temperatures that could result in burns, eye injury or ignition of protective equipment, etc.; (c) types of chemical exposures; (d) sources of harmful dust; (e) sources of light radiation, i.e., welding, brazing, cutting, furnaces, heat treating, high intensity lights, etc.; (f) sources of falling objects or potential for dropping objects; (g) sources of sharp objects which might pierce the https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910SubpartIAppB 1/7 2/21/2020 1910 Subpart I App B - Nonmandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection | O… feet or cut the hands; (h) sources of rolling or pinching objects which could crush the feet; (i) layout of workplace and location of co-workers; and (j) any electrical hazards. In addition, injury/accident data should be reviewed to help identify problem areas c. Organize data. Following the walk-through survey, it is necessary to organize the data and information for use in the assessment of hazards. The objective is to prepare for an analysis of the hazards in the environment to enable proper selection of protective equipment. d. Analyze data. Having gathered and organized data on a workplace, an estimate of the potential for injuries should be made. Each of the basic hazards (paragraph 3.a.) should be reviewed and a determination made as to the type, level of risk, and seriousness of potential injury from each of the hazards found in the area. The possibility of exposure to several hazards simultaneously should be considered. 4. Selection guidelines. After completion of the procedures in paragraph 3, the general procedure for selection of protective equipment is to: a) Become familiar with the potential hazards and the type of protective equipment that is available, and what it can do; i.e., splash protection, impact protection, etc.; b) compare the hazards associated with the environment; i.e., impact velocities, masses, projectile shape, radiation intensities, with the capabilities of the available protective equipment; c) select the protective equipment which ensures a level of protection greater than the minimum required to protect employees from the hazards; and d) fit the user with the protective device and give instructions on care and use of the PPE. It is very important that end users be made aware of all warning labels for and limitations of their PPE. 5. Fitting the device. Careful consideration must be given to comfort and fit. PPE that fits poorly will not afford the necessary protection. Continued wearing of the device is more likely if it fits the wearer comfortably. Protective devices are generally available in a variety of sizes. Care should be taken to ensure that the right size is selected. 6. Devices with adjustable features. Adjustments should be made on an individual basis for a comfortable fit that will maintain the protective device in the proper position. Particular care should be taken in fitting devices for eye protection against dust and chemical splash to ensure that the devices are sealed to the face. In addition, proper fitting of helmets is important to ensure that it will not fall off during work operations. In some cases a chin strap may be necessary to keep the helmet on an employee's head. (Chin straps should break at a reasonably low force, however, so as to prevent a strangulation hazard). Where manufacturer's instructions are available, they should be followed carefully. 7. Reassessment of hazards. It is the responsibility of the safety officer to reassess the workplace hazard situation as necessary, by identifying and evaluating new equipment and processes, reviewing accident records, and reevaluating the suitability of previously selected PPE. 8. Selection chart guidelines for eye and face protection. Some occupations (not a complete list) for which eye protection should be routinely considered are: carpenters, electricians, machinists, mechanics and repairers, millwrights, plumbers and pipe fitters, sheet metal workers and tinsmiths, assemblers, sanders, grinding machine operators, lathe and milling machine operators, sawyers, welders, laborers, chemical process operators and handlers, and timber cutting and logging workers. The following chart provides general guidance for the proper selection of eye and face protection to protect against hazards associated with the listed hazard "source" operations. Eye and Face Protection Selection Chart Source Assessment of Hazard https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910SubpartIAppB Protection 2/7 2/21/2020 1910 Subpart I App B - Nonmandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection | O… IMPACT -- Chipping, grinding machining, masonry work, woodworking, sawing, drilling, chiseling, powered fastening, riveting, and sanding HEAT -- Furnace operations, pouring, casting, hot dipping, and welding CHEMICALS -- Acid and chemicals handling, degreasing plating DUST -- Woodworking, buffing, general dusty conditions LIGHT and/or RADIATION -Welding: Electric arc Flying fragments, objects, large chips, particles sand, dirt, etc Hot sparks Spectacles with side protection, goggles, face shields. See notes (1), (3), (5), (6), (10). For severe exposure, use faceshield. Optical radiation Welding helmets or welding shields. Typical shades: 10-14. See notes (9), (12) Welding goggles or welding face shield. Typical shades: gas welding 4-8, cutting 36, brazing 3-4. See note (9) Spectacles or welding face-shield. Typical shades, 1.5-3. See notes (3), (9) Spectacles with shaded or special-purpose lenses, as suitable. See notes (9), (10). Faceshields, goggles, spectacles with side protection. For severe exposure use faceshield. See notes (1), (2), (3). Splash from molten Faceshields worn over goggles. See notes metals (1), (2), (3). High temperature Screen face shields, reflective face shields. exposure See notes (1), (2), (3). Splash Goggles, eyecup and cover types. For severe exposure, use face shield. See notes (3), (11). Irritating mists Special-purpose goggles. Nuisance dust Goggles, eyecup and cover types. See note (8). Welding: Gas Optical radiation Cutting, Torch brazing, Torch soldering Glare Optical radiation Poor vision Notes to Eye and Face Protection Selection Chart: (1) Care should be taken to recognize the possibility of multiple and simultaneous exposure to a variety of hazards. Adequate protection against the highest level of each of the hazards should be provided. Protective devices do not provide unlimited protection. (2) Operations involving heat may also involve light radiation. As required by the standard, protection from both hazards must be provided. (3) Faceshields should only be worn over primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles). (4) As required by the standard, filter lenses must meet the requirements for shade designations in 1910.133(a)(5). Tinted and shaded lenses are not filter lenses unless they are marked or identified as such. (5) As required by the standard, persons whose vision requires the use of prescription (Rx) lenses must wear either protective devices fitted with prescription (Rx) lenses or protective devices designed to be worn over regular prescription (Rx) eyewear. (6) Wearers of contact lenses must also wear appropriate eye and face protection devices in a hazardous environment. It should be recognized that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers. (7) Caution should be exercised in the use of metal frame protective devices in electrical hazard areas. (8) Atmospheric conditions and the restricted ventilation of the protector can cause lenses to fog. Frequent cleansing may be necessary. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910SubpartIAppB 3/7 2/21/2020 1910 Subpart I App B - Nonmandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection | O… (9) Welding helmets or faceshields should be used only over primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles). (10) Non-sideshield spectacles are available for frontal protection only, but are not acceptable eye protection for the sources and operations listed for "impact." (11) Ventilation should be adequate, but well protected from splash entry. Eye and face protection should be designed and used so that it provides both adequate ventilation and protects the wearer from splash entry. (12) Protection from light radiation is directly related to filter lens density. See note (4) . Select the darkest shade that allows task performance. 9. Selection guidelines for head protection. All head protection (helmets) is designed to provide protection from impact and penetration hazards caused by falling objects. Head protection is also available which provides protection from electric shock and burn. When selecting head protection, knowledge of potential electrical hazards is important. Class A helmets, in addition to impact and penetration resistance, provide electrical protection from low-voltage conductors (they are proof tested to 2,200 volts). Class B helmets, in addition to impact and penetration resistance, provide electrical protection from high-voltage conductors (they are proof tested to 20,000 volts). Class C helmets provide impact and penetration resistance (they are usually made of aluminum which conducts electricity), and should not be used around electrical hazards. Where falling object hazards are present, helmets must be worn. Some examples include: working below other workers who are using tools and materials which could fall; working around or under conveyor belts which are carrying parts or materials; working below machinery or processes which might cause material or objects to fall; and working on exposed energized conductors. Some examples of occupations for which head protection should be routinely considered are: carpenters, electricians, linemen, mechanics and repairers, plumbers and pipe fitters, assemblers, packers, wrappers, sawyers, welders, laborers, freight handlers, timber cutting and logging, stock handlers, and warehouse laborers. Beginning with the ANSI Z89.1-1997 standard, ANSI updated the classification system for protective helmets. Prior revisions used type classifications to distinguish between caps and full brimmed hats. Beginning in 1997, Type I designated helmets designed to reduce the force of impact resulting from a blow only to the top of the head, while Type II designated helmets designed to reduce the force of impact resulting from a blow to the top or sides of the head. Accordingly, if a hazard assessment indicates that lateral impact to the head is foreseeable, employers must select Type II helmets for their employees. To improve comprehension and usefulness, the 1997 revision also redesignated the electrical-protective classifications for helmets as follows: "Class G -- General"; helmets designed to reduce the danger of contact with low-voltage conductors; "Class E -- Electrical"; helmets designed to reduce the danger of contact with conductors at higher voltage levels; and "Class C -- Conductive"; helmets that provide no protection against contact with electrical hazards. 10. Selection guidelines for foot protection. Safety shoes and boots which meet the ANSI Z41-1991 Standard provide both impact and compression protection. Where necessary, safety shoes can be obtained which provide puncture protection. In some work situations, metatarsal protection should be provided, and in other special situations electrical conductive or insulating safety shoes would be appropriate. Safety shoes or boots with impact protection would be required for carrying or handling materials such as packages, objects, parts or heavy tools, which could be dropped; and, for other activities where objects might fall onto the feet. Safety shoes or boots with compression protection would be required for work activities involving skid trucks (manual material handling carts) around bulk rolls (such as paper rolls) and around heavy pipes, all of which could potentially roll over an employee's feet. Safety shoes or boots with puncture protection would be required where sharp objects such as nails, wire, tacks, screws, large staples, scrap metal etc., could be stepped on by employees causing a foot injury. Electrically conductive shoes would be required as a supplementary form of protection for work activities in which there is a danger of fire or explosion from the discharge of static electricity. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910SubpartIAppB 4/7 2/21/2020 1910 Subpart I App B - Nonmandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection | O… Electricalhazard or dielectric footwear would be required as a supplementary form of protection when an employee standing on the ground is exposed to hazardous step or touch potential (the difference in electrical potential between the feet or between the hands and feet) or when primary forms of electrical protective equipment, such as rubber insulating gloves and blankets, do not provide complete protection for an employee standing on the ground. Some occupations (not a complete list) for which foot protection should be routinely considered are: Shipping and receiving clerks, stock clerks, carpenters, electricians, machinists, mechanics and repairers, plumbers and pipe fitters, structural metal workers, assemblers, drywall installers and lathers, packers, wrappers, craters, punch and stamping press operators, sawyers, welders, laborers, freight handlers, gardeners and grounds-keepers, timber cutting and logging workers, stock handlers and warehouse laborers. 11. Selection guidelines for hand protection. Gloves are often relied upon to prevent cuts, abrasions, burns, and skin contact with chemicals that are capable of causing local or systemic effects following dermal exposure. OSHA is unaware of any gloves that provide protection against all potential hand hazards, and commonly available glove materials provide only limited protection against many chemicals. Therefore, it is important to select the most appropriate glove for a particular application and to determine how long it can be worn, and whether it can be reused. It is also important to know the performance characteristics of gloves relative to the specific hazard anticipated; e.g., chemical hazards, cut hazards, flame hazards, etc. These performance characteristics should be assessed by using standard test procedures. Before purchasing gloves, the employer should request documentation from the manufacturer that the gloves meet the appropriate test standard(s) for the hazard(s) anticipated. Other factors to be considered for glove selection in general include: (A) As long as the performance characteristics are acceptable, in certain circumstances, it may be more cost effective to regularly change cheaper gloves than to reuse more expensive types; and, (B) The work activities of the employee should be studied to determine the degree of dexterity required, the duration, frequency, and degree of exposure of the hazard, and the physical stresses that will be applied. With respect to selection of gloves for protection against chemical hazards: (A) The toxic properties of the chemical(s) must be determined; in particular, the ability of the chemical to cause local effects on the skin and/or to pass through the skin and cause systemic effects; (B) Generally, any "chemical resistant" glove can be used for dry powders; (C) For mixtures and formulated products (unless specific test data are available), a glove should be selected on the basis of the chemical component with the shortest breakthrough time, since it is possible for solvents to carry active ingredients through polymeric materials; and, (D) Employees must be able to remove the gloves in such a manner as to prevent skin contamination. 12. Cleaning and maintenance. It is important that all PPE be kept clean and properly maintained. Cleaning is particularly important for eye and face protection where dirty or fogged lenses could impair vision. For the purposes of compliance with 1910.132 (a) and (b), PPE should be inspected, cleaned, and maintained at regular intervals so that the PPE provides the requisite protection. It is also important to ensure that contaminated PPE which cannot be decontaminated is disposed of in a manner that protects employees from exposure to hazards. [59 FR 16362, April 6, 1994; 74 FR 46357, Sept. 9, 2009; 79 FR 20633, July 10, 2014] https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910SubpartIAppB 5/7 2/21/2020 1910 Subpart I App B - Nonmandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection | O… UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Occupational Safety & Health Administration 200 Constitution Ave NW Washington, DC 20210  800-321-6742 (OSHA) TTY www.OSHA.gov FEDERAL GOVERNMENT White House Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance Diaster Recovery Assistance DisasterAssistance.gov USA.gov No Fear Act Data U.S. Office of Special Counsel OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH Frequently Asked Questions A - Z Index Freedom of Information Act - OSHA Read The OSHA Newsletter Subscribe to the OSHA Newsletter OSHA Publications Office of Inspector General ABOUT THIS SITE Freedom of Information Act - DOL Privacy & Security Statement Disclaimers Important Web Site Notices https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910SubpartIAppB 6/7 2/21/2020 1910 Subpart I App B - Nonmandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection | O… Plug-ins Used by DOL Accessibility Statement https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910SubpartIAppB 7/7 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS Task: Using Chop Saw Project Number: 839134 Subcontractor Name: SHAW E & I Job Location: SA32-Sterling, VA JHA Team Members: Matthew Fedowitz, Marcos Mateus, Danny Wallace, and Curt Tucker. All affected site workers will review, be allowed to incorporate appropriate comments, and document that they understand and will abide by the AHA during a training session prior to initiating work on the subject tasks. Tools and Equipment: Tools employed may include, but are not limited to, Partner Chop Saw, leather gloves, leather apron, and particle blades. JHA No.: SA32-004 New X Revised Lower Tier Subcontractor: Abel mechanical and Insulation Date: 10-10--02 Training Requirements: Site Specific as per ES&H Plan Initial PPE: Modified Level C. Additional equipment includes leather work apron and leather welding gloves. Approved: H & S Rep Signature _______________________________ Date _____________________ Description of Work: Using chop saw to cut various carts and racks made from wood and metal. Job Task # 1- Using chop saw to cut various carts and racks made from wood and metal. JOB TASK Using Chop Saw on metal and wood. Potential Hazards Inhalation and Contact with Biological Materials Inhalation and Contact with Hazardous Substances, & Splashes Slips, Trips, Falls Critical Safety Practices • Assuming that the material being cut is contaminated, all workers will wear proper skin, eye and respiratory protection based on the exposure hazards present. • • • • • • • • Review potential hazardous properties of anthrax exposure. All personnel must be clean-shaven. Inspect each person for any tears or rips in the PPE regularly. Use the buddy system. Clearly delineate the work area to keep all unauthorized people out of the immediate work area. Provide workers proper skin; eye and respiratory protection based on the exposure hazards present. Review hazardous properties of site contaminants with workers before operations begin. All personnel participating is this event must use additional PPE to include, but is not limited to, leather apron and gloves. The crewmember will only be on the ground when using the chop saw. Clear walkways, work areas of equipment, tools, carts and debris. Keep cords out of walkways. When this cannot be accomplished, they will be taped down. Watch footing on wet surfaces. • • • • High Ambient Temperature • Handling Heavy Objects • • • • • • • • • Employees shall be protected from exposure to heat and cold by complying with Paragraphs 5.6 and 5.7 of the ES&H Plan. Provide fluids to prevent worker dehydration. To use and lift chop saw, grip firmly and lift with the legs, keeping the back as straight as possible. Always hold the cut off saw with both hands while the motor is running. Use a firm grip with thumbs and fingers encircling the handles. Keep all parts of your body away from the cut-off wheel when the motor is running. Some fundamental principles of proper lifting include considering the size, shape, and weight of the object to be lifted. The hands and the saw handle should be free of dirt or grease that could prevent a firm grip. Objects must be inspected for metal slivers, jagged edges, burrs, and rough or slippery surfaces. Fingers must be kept away from points that could crush or pinch them, especially when putting an object down. When putting an object down, the stance and position are identical to that for lifting; the legs are bent at the knees, and the back is straight as the object is lowered. Obey sensible lifting limits (60 lb. Maximum per person manual lifting). 2 of 2 JOB TASK Potential Hazards Sharp Objects Electrical Shock Caught In/ Between Moving Parts High Noise Levels Fire/ Explosion Equipment failure Emergency Situations Incorrect PPE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Critical Safety Practices Be alert at all times when using chop saw. Do not permit anyone to stand close to the cut-off saw when it is running. . Be alert for sharp points and edges. Cutter and assistant will wear leather apron and gloves. Keep guards in place during use. Supervisor will ensure all sources of hazardous energy are locked out before any cutting is to begin. The site safety officer or assistant shall be present during all cutting operations. Disconnect tools before servicing, when changing wheels, and when not is use. Never use chop saw in wet areas. Follow Lock out-Tag out procedures in accordance with IT Health and Safety Procedures # HS315. Identify and understand parts of equipment that may cause crushing, pinching, rotating or similar motions. Assure guards are in place to protect from these parts of equipment during operation. Provide and wear proper work gloves when the possibility of pinching, or other injury may be caused by moving/ handling large or heavy objects. Maintain all equipment in a safe condition. Keep all guards in place during use. Field personnel, at the direction of the ES&H Representative, shall use hearing protection when sound levels exceed 85 dBA. All crewmembers will wear hearing protection while performing all cutting operations. Any crewmembers not assisting in cutting will remain outside a 50-foot radius of work area. Eliminate sources of ignition from the work area. Do not use the particle blade as a grinding tool. Do not use carbide tipped wheels Provide ABC (or equivalent) fire extinguishers in all work areas where cutting is taking place. Perform daily maintenance inspections on operating equipment. Identify emergency response providers/hospitals. Verify emergency numbers and hospital route prior to initiating site activities. Follow the direction of your DOS representative during an emergency situation within the facility. Air actuated horns will be used to alert personnel of emergencies (three intermittent bursts). Arrows will be installed inside the containment indicating direction to exit. The PPE required for work within the EZ, and decontamination activities (both facility and enclosure) will be level C PPE and will include; Full face respiratory protection (PAPR), P100 / organic vapor filtering element, latex boot covers over steel toed boots, two pairs of nitrile gloves, disposable coverall/scrub (inner), one hooded {polycoated when using decontamination fluids} tyvek coverall (outer), duct tape all openings paying special attention to the interface between the respirator and the hood. 3 of 3 JOB TASK Potential Hazards Power Outage Lighting Pinch Points • • • • • • • • Critical Safety Practices Flashlights will be maintained within the containment to assist personnel egress. If a power outage occurs all critical barriers will be immediately sealed to prevent a breach in containment. This sealing activity will begin at the farthest point from the CRZ. Once personnel reach the CRZ and complete the decontamination process the z-flap will be sealed. No entries into the containment will be permitted until power is restored. Adequate lighting will be provided to ensure a safe working environment. Review equipment adjustment procedures, identify pinch points. Isolate/block pinch points to limit motion when inserting pins, fasteners, closing tackles. Keep hands, fingers, and feet clear of moving/suspended materials and equipment. Stay alert at all times. 4 of 4
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