An Indiana husband and wife, both feeling ill, went to separate hospitals to be examined, and several potential diagnoses were suggested. A few days later, on July 11, 2008, both patients were evaluated at the same hospital. There, physicians were able to make a preliminary diagnosis of botulism based on the couple’s shared symptoms, which included cranial nerve palsy and descending flaccid paralysis. Both patients required mechanical ventilation. During a search of the couple’s refrigerator, local health officials found an unlabeled bag of leftover chili sauce that, when analyzed, contained botulin, the bacterial toxin that causes botulism. Botulin is produced by Clostridium botulinum, an endospore-forming bacterium. Because botulism is a reportable disease, the facts of the case were forwarded to the Indiana State Department of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Four days earlier, the CDC had received a similar report from Texas, where two siblings had been diagnosed with botulism, again only after being examined at the same hospital. Both children had eaten Castleberry’s Hot Dog Chili Sauce for lunch on June 28. Although the can from this meal had been discarded, another can, bought at the same time, was found in the home. Based on these two cases, the CDC suspected a common source epidemic. -  What conditions encourage the germination of Clostridium botulinum endospores?-  What is a common source epidemic?Ref.: Cowan, M. K. (2014) (4th Ed.). Microbiology: A Systems Approach, McGraw Hill

Explain the relationship among the following terms: genomics, proteomics, gene, protein, genotype, and phenotype.Compare the structure and functions of DNA and RNA.You are a public health official trying to determine the identity of the pathogen circulating within your city. Explain which genetic technologies would be most useful in this process.Summarize the goal of the Human Genome Project and discuss three new fields of science that have developed from this research.

Your assignment is to write:A. A one page review based on the review paper on the neuroanatomical structure called the Claustrum.See:1. Edelstein L, and Frank Denaro, The Claustrum, A Historical Review, Cellular and Molecular Biology. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2004, 50(6),675-702. 2. Edelstein, L., and Denaro, F. J., The Neurobiology of Consciousness and Sir Francis Crick. Cellular and Molecular Biology 2004 Sept., 50(6): 671-673.3. Hinova-Palova, Dimkka, V., Lawrence Edelstein, Boycho Landzhov, Minko Minkov, Lina Malinova, Stanislav Hristov, Frank Denaro, Alexandar Alexandrov, Teodora Kiriakova. LLina Brainova, Adrian Paloff, and Wladimir Ovtscharoff, Topographical distribution and morphology of NADPH-diaphorase-stained neurons in the human Claustrum. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, May 2014, 8 (article 96): 1-12. www.frontiersin.orgB. Answer the questions on the neuroanatomical structure of the Claustrum:1. What is the Claustrum?2. What are some identified functions of the Claustrum?3. Why do some scientists think it is involved in Consciousness?4. Why did Francis Crick (co-discoverer of structure of DNA) think the Claustrum was involved in function of Consciousness? See paper: “What is the function of the Claustrum?” Francis C. Crick and Christof Koch, Phil. Trans. Soc. B (2005) 360, 1271-1279. (To find this paper go to Christof Kock on Research gate or Pub med)5. What is some of the current research on the Claustrum? Explain in a brief paragraph what investigators are now looking for in the Claustrum.6. From a human perspective, what do you think understanding Conscious will mean to us?Instructions:For information on this topic, you can read several papers on the claustrum. You can find these papers on the Research gate web page.1. Go to ResearchGate.com (https://www.researchgate)2. Sign in (it is free).3. Where it says “Search” in the upper right click, then click:  “researcher”.  Type in name: Frank Denaro4. That brings you to the ResearchGate main web page.5. On that web page you can find the papers on the Claustrum. The papers are in the over view or contribution sections. By clicking on the article, you can see them and down load them. You should then read the article and answer the questions and write the review.  Be sure you include the title of the paper you read for some of the questions.